Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea limit. Datasets from the New Zealand Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model (CLUES), which estimate annual loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in freshwater catchments, were used to compare nutrient and sediment loads entering estuarine and marine environments within coastal segments. Nitrogen and phosphorus are components of fertilizers used on agricultural land including pastures. Excesses of these nutrients entering aquatic systems can result in algal blooms which may lead to eutrophication and the formation of dead, or anoxic zones. Greater nutrient input can also result in poorer nutritional quality of filter feeders such as shellfish. Sedimentation is a result of soil erosion entering waterways and is naturally high in several parts of New Zealand and exacerbated by deforestation and conversion to pasture grasslands. Sedimentation can smother marine organisms, block light from photosynthetic species and clog fine filter feeding apparatuses. Greater turbidity can also reduce capacity of estuarine ecosystems to process increased nutrient inputs. Sediments also can contain a variety of contaminants such as heavy metals, which are harmful to marine organisms as well as humans that consume them. The values shown are the sum of the terminal river reach loads that overlap with the 10 km segment. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment loading in inland and adjacent coastal areas. To view a dynamic model of freshwater input along part of the South Island coast over 1 year see: https://vimeo.com/48991072Limitations and Uncertainties:Land-based inputs (sediments, nutrients) are calculated for individual river segments that empty to the coast, thus total inputs for each 10 km segment are quantified based on the total inputs across all rivers and streams that empty into that particular coastal segment. A major gap in our understanding of what happens to sediments, nutrients and other pollutants when they enter the coastal zone is that we typically don’t know how these inputs are dispersed both alongshore and offshore, and how dispersion varies based on local and broad scale circulation patterns, wind-wave dispersal and tidal currents. Hydrodynamic models can be used to estimate spatial and temporal variation in how these inputs are dispersed, however they are available only at large spatial scales for the whole of the EEZ. Local or regional models are available in some locations (e.g., Bay of Plenty; Montaño et al. 2023), but often don’t include conditions of extreme events such as Cyclone Gabrielle which deposited a significant amount of sediment into the coastal zone. Future improvements to our understanding of the impacts of sediments, nutrients and other land-based inputs to the coastal zone should prioritise combining terrestrial models of sediments such as SedNet (http://tools.envirolink.govt.nz/dsss/sednet/) with oceanographic circulation models such as the Moana backbone (https://www.moanaproject.org/) to better understand how these land-based inputs are dispersed and deposited in the coastal zone. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. CLUES models are calibrated at the national level to provide reasonable catchment scale load estimates and will include some uncertainty in capturing attenuation due to water quality improvement measures.Source: CLUES – Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model | NIWA Sediment: Updated suspended sediment yield estimator and estuarine trap efficiency model results 2019 - Freshwater directorate | | GIS Map Data | MfE Data Service and report.Last updated: 3 Apr 2023Elliott, A.H., Semadeni-Davies, A.F., Shankar, U., Zeldis, J.R., Wheeler, D.M., Plew, D.R., Rys, G.J., Harris, S.R. (2016) A national-scale GIS-based system for modelling impacts of land use on water quality. Environmental Modelling & Software, 86: 131-144.Montaño, M. M., S. H. Suanda, and J. M. A. C. d. Souza. 2023. Modelled coastal circulation and Lagrangian statistics from a large coastal embayment: The case of Bay of Plenty, Aotearoa New Zealand. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 281:108212. Semadeni-Davies, A., Jones-Todd, C., Srinivasan, M.S., Muirhead, R., Elliott, A., Shankar, U., Tanner, C. (2019a) CLUES model calibration and its implications for estimating contaminant attenuation. Agricultural Water Management: 105853.Semadeni-Davies, A.F., Jones-Todd, C.M., Srinivasan, M.S., Muirhead, R.W., Elliott, A.H., Shankar, U., Tanner, C.C. (2019b) CLUES model calibration: residual analysis to investigate potential sources of model error. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research: 1-24. 10.1080/00288233.2019.1697708
Copyright Text: NIWA, Ministry for the Environment
Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea limit. Datasets from the New Zealand Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model (CLUES), which estimate annual loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in freshwater catchments, were used to compare nutrient and sediment loads entering estuarine and marine environments within coastal segments. Nitrogen and phosphorus are components of fertilizers used on agricultural land including pastures. Excesses of these nutrients entering aquatic systems can result in algal blooms which may lead to eutrophication and the formation of dead, or anoxic zones. Greater nutrient input can also result in poorer nutritional quality of filter feeders such as shellfish. Sedimentation is a result of soil erosion entering waterways and is naturally high in several parts of New Zealand and exacerbated by deforestation and conversion to pasture grasslands. Sedimentation can smother marine organisms, block light from photosynthetic species and clog fine filter feeding apparatuses. Greater turbidity can also reduce capacity of estuarine ecosystems to process increased nutrient inputs. Sediments also can contain a variety of contaminants such as heavy metals, which are harmful to marine organisms as well as humans that consume them. The values shown are the sum of the terminal river reach loads that overlap with the 10 km segment. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment loading in inland and adjacent coastal areas. To view a dynamic model of freshwater input along part of the South Island coast over 1 year see: https://vimeo.com/48991072Limitations and Uncertainties:Land-based inputs (sediments, nutrients) are calculated for individual river segments that empty to the coast, thus total inputs for each 10 km segment are quantified based on the total inputs across all rivers and streams that empty into that particular coastal segment. A major gap in our understanding of what happens to sediments, nutrients and other pollutants when they enter the coastal zone is that we typically don’t know how these inputs are dispersed both alongshore and offshore, and how dispersion varies based on local and broad scale circulation patterns, wind-wave dispersal and tidal currents. Hydrodynamic models can be used to estimate spatial and temporal variation in how these inputs are dispersed, however they are available only at large spatial scales for the whole of the EEZ. Local or regional models are available in some locations (e.g., Bay of Plenty; Montaño et al. 2023), but often don’t include conditions of extreme events such as Cyclone Gabrielle which deposited a significant amount of sediment into the coastal zone. Future improvements to our understanding of the impacts of sediments, nutrients and other land-based inputs to the coastal zone should prioritise combining terrestrial models of sediments such as SedNet (http://tools.envirolink.govt.nz/dsss/sednet/) with oceanographic circulation models such as the Moana backbone (https://www.moanaproject.org/) to better understand how these land-based inputs are dispersed and deposited in the coastal zone. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. CLUES models are calibrated at the national level to provide reasonable catchment scale load estimates and will include some uncertainty in capturing attenuation due to water quality improvement measures.Source: CLUES – Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model | NIWA Sediment: Updated suspended sediment yield estimator and estuarine trap efficiency model results 2019 - Freshwater directorate | | GIS Map Data | MfE Data Service and report.Last updated: 3 Apr 2023Elliott, A.H., Semadeni-Davies, A.F., Shankar, U., Zeldis, J.R., Wheeler, D.M., Plew, D.R., Rys, G.J., Harris, S.R. (2016) A national-scale GIS-based system for modelling impacts of land use on water quality. Environmental Modelling & Software, 86: 131-144.Montaño, M. M., S. H. Suanda, and J. M. A. C. d. Souza. 2023. Modelled coastal circulation and Lagrangian statistics from a large coastal embayment: The case of Bay of Plenty, Aotearoa New Zealand. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 281:108212. Semadeni-Davies, A., Jones-Todd, C., Srinivasan, M.S., Muirhead, R., Elliott, A., Shankar, U., Tanner, C. (2019a) CLUES model calibration and its implications for estimating contaminant attenuation. Agricultural Water Management: 105853.Semadeni-Davies, A.F., Jones-Todd, C.M., Srinivasan, M.S., Muirhead, R.W., Elliott, A.H., Shankar, U., Tanner, C.C. (2019b) CLUES model calibration: residual analysis to investigate potential sources of model error. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research: 1-24. 10.1080/00288233.2019.1697708
Copyright Text: NIWA, Ministry for the Environment
Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea limit. Datasets from the New Zealand Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model (CLUES), which estimate annual loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in freshwater catchments, were used to compare nutrient and sediment loads entering estuarine and marine environments within coastal segments. Nitrogen and phosphorus are components of fertilizers used on agricultural land including pastures. Excesses of these nutrients entering aquatic systems can result in algal blooms which may lead to eutrophication and the formation of dead, or anoxic zones. Greater nutrient input can also result in poorer nutritional quality of filter feeders such as shellfish. Sedimentation is a result of soil erosion entering waterways and is naturally high in several parts of New Zealand and exacerbated by deforestation and conversion to pasture grasslands. Sedimentation can smother marine organisms, block light from photosynthetic species and clog fine filter feeding apparatuses. Greater turbidity can also reduce capacity of estuarine ecosystems to process increased nutrient inputs. Sediments also can contain a variety of contaminants such as heavy metals, which are harmful to marine organisms as well as humans that consume them. The values shown are the sum of the terminal river reach loads that overlap with the 10 km segment. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment loading in inland and adjacent coastal areas. To view a dynamic model of freshwater input along part of the South Island coast over 1 year see: https://vimeo.com/48991072Limitations and Uncertainties:Land-based inputs (sediments, nutrients) are calculated for individual river segments that empty to the coast, thus total inputs for each 10 km segment are quantified based on the total inputs across all rivers and streams that empty into that particular coastal segment. A major gap in our understanding of what happens to sediments, nutrients and other pollutants when they enter the coastal zone is that we typically don’t know how these inputs are dispersed both alongshore and offshore, and how dispersion varies based on local and broad scale circulation patterns, wind-wave dispersal and tidal currents. Hydrodynamic models can be used to estimate spatial and temporal variation in how these inputs are dispersed, however they are available only at large spatial scales for the whole of the EEZ. Local or regional models are available in some locations (e.g., Bay of Plenty; Montaño et al. 2023), but often don’t include conditions of extreme events such as Cyclone Gabrielle which deposited a significant amount of sediment into the coastal zone. Future improvements to our understanding of the impacts of sediments, nutrients and other land-based inputs to the coastal zone should prioritise combining terrestrial models of sediments such as SedNet (http://tools.envirolink.govt.nz/dsss/sednet/) with oceanographic circulation models such as the Moana backbone (https://www.moanaproject.org/) to better understand how these land-based inputs are dispersed and deposited in the coastal zone. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. CLUES models are calibrated at the national level to provide reasonable catchment scale load estimates and will include some uncertainty in capturing attenuation due to water quality improvement measures.Source: CLUES – Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model | NIWA Sediment: Updated suspended sediment yield estimator and estuarine trap efficiency model results 2019 - Freshwater directorate | | GIS Map Data | MfE Data Service and report.Last updated: 3 Apr 2023Elliott, A.H., Semadeni-Davies, A.F., Shankar, U., Zeldis, J.R., Wheeler, D.M., Plew, D.R., Rys, G.J., Harris, S.R. (2016) A national-scale GIS-based system for modelling impacts of land use on water quality. Environmental Modelling & Software, 86: 131-144.Montaño, M. M., S. H. Suanda, and J. M. A. C. d. Souza. 2023. Modelled coastal circulation and Lagrangian statistics from a large coastal embayment: The case of Bay of Plenty, Aotearoa New Zealand. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 281:108212. Semadeni-Davies, A., Jones-Todd, C., Srinivasan, M.S., Muirhead, R., Elliott, A., Shankar, U., Tanner, C. (2019a) CLUES model calibration and its implications for estimating contaminant attenuation. Agricultural Water Management: 105853.Semadeni-Davies, A.F., Jones-Todd, C.M., Srinivasan, M.S., Muirhead, R.W., Elliott, A.H., Shankar, U., Tanner, C.C. (2019b) CLUES model calibration: residual analysis to investigate potential sources of model error. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research: 1-24. 10.1080/00288233.2019.1697708
Copyright Text: NIWA, Ministry for the Environment
Description: Land use information was derived from the Land Use and Carbon Systems (LUCAS) Land Use Map developed by Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research for the Ministry for the Environment. There are 12 land-use classifications: Natural Forest, Planted Forest (Pre 1990), Planted Forest (Post 1989), Grassland (with woody biomass), Grassland (High producing), Grassland (Low producing), Wetland (Vegetated non-forest), Wetland (Open water), Settlements (built-up area), Cropland (Annual), Cropland (Orchards and vineyards, Perennial), and Other. Land-use can provide an indication of land-based influxes of sediment, nutrients, erosion and pollution into coastal waters. This layer has been clipped to the 10 km closest to the shoreline to enable faster loading of the layer and to show the specific land uses that were used to calculate the proportion of land use for each coastal segment. Limitations and uncertainties:Land uses are subject to change and should be updated regularly. The 10 k limitation is not intended to imply that land use further inland is not important, as land and sea are fully interconnected via catchments. The full land use layer can be viewed directly from the source.The LUCAS NZ Land Use Map 2016 v011 is composed of New Zealand-wide land use classifications (12) nominally at 1 January 1990, 1 January 2008, 31 December 2012 and 31 December 2016 (known as "1990", "2008", "2012" and "2016"). These date boundaries were dictated by the First and Second Commitment Periods of the Kyoto Protocol. The layer can therefore be used to create either a 1990, 2008, 2012 or 2016 land use map depending on what field is symbolised.LUM tracks and quantifies changes in New Zealand land use so that Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector carbon accounting can be calculated for national Net Position, the Paris Agreement and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting.Source: LUCAS NZ Land Use Map 1990 2008 2012 2016 v011 - MfE Data Management | | GIS Map Data | MfE Data ServiceLast updated: 3 Apr 2023
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Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary. Land use information was derived from the Land Use and Carbon Systems (LUCAS) Land Use Map developed by Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research for the Ministry for the Environment. There are 12 land-use classifications: Natural Forest, Planted Forest (Pre 1990), Planted Forest (Post 1989), Grassland (with woody biomass), Grassland (High producing), Grassland (Low producing), Wetland (Vegetated non-forest), Wetland (Open water), Settlements (built-up area), Cropland (Annual), Cropland (Orchards and vineyards, Perennial), and Other. These were grouped into 4 categories: Urban (Settlements), Intensive Agriculture (High producing Grassland, Annual and Perennial Cropland), Exotic forest (Planted Forest, Pre 1990 and Post 1989), and Native (Grassland with woody biomass and Low producing, Vegetated non-forest and Open water Wetlands, and Other). Land-use can provide an indication of land-based influxes of sediment, nutrients, erosion and pollution into coastal waters. For example, coastal areas adjacent to areas categorised as Urban are likely to have high levels of coastal development. Coastal development results in direct habitat loss, changing water, nutrient and sediment flow into estuarine and coastal habitats. Land clearing, urban and intensive agricultural areas contribute to increased sediments, nutrient enrichment, and other pollutants. Rates of erosion are influenced by land topography (steepness), soil types and precipitation and different land uses can exacerbate or help mitigate this natural process, with pastures (high producing Grasslands) serving as a major contributor to erosion, as do regularly harvested forests (Exotic Forests) particularly in between harvest and new growth reaching canopy closure and root overlap. Native cover provides better estimates of more natural levels of land-based inputs. The values shown are the proportion of land overlapping the 10 km segment covered by that land-use, for example if the value is 0.5, then 50% of the land in the 10 km segment is covered by that specific land-use, with all land-use values adding to a total of 1 for each polygon. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture land use in inland and adjacent coastal areas. Limitations and Uncertainties:We recognise that 10 km coastal segments are arbitrary boundaries for the NZ coastline, and further, that we extended all values for each polygon out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary to allow better visualisation of how land-based inputs and population accessibility vary in NZ. This extension seaward is arbitrary, and does not incorporate likely decreasing impacts offshore from the coast. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. Land uses are subject to change and major storms can alter processes and input areas. Source: LUCAS NZ Land Use Map 1990 2008 2012 2016 v011 - MfE Data Management | | GIS Map Data | MfE Data ServiceLast updated: 3 Apr 2023
Copyright Text: NIWA, LUCAS NZ, Ministry for the Environment
Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary. Land use information was derived from the Land Use and Carbon Systems (LUCAS) Land Use Map developed by Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research for the Ministry for the Environment. There are 12 land-use classifications: Natural Forest, Planted Forest (Pre 1990), Planted Forest (Post 1989), Grassland (with woody biomass), Grassland (High producing), Grassland (Low producing), Wetland (Vegetated non-forest), Wetland (Open water), Settlements (built-up area), Cropland (Annual), Cropland (Orchards and vineyards, Perennial), and Other. These were grouped into 4 categories: Urban (Settlements), Intensive Agriculture (High producing Grassland, Annual and Perennial Cropland), Exotic forest (Planted Forest, Pre 1990 and Post 1989), and Native (Grassland with woody biomass and Low producing, Vegetated non-forest and Open water Wetlands, and Other). Land-use can provide an indication of land-based influxes of sediment, nutrients, erosion and pollution into coastal waters. For example, coastal areas adjacent to areas categorised as Urban are likely to have high levels of coastal development. Coastal development results in direct habitat loss, changing water, nutrient and sediment flow into estuarine and coastal habitats. Land clearing, urban and intensive agricultural areas contribute to increased sediments, nutrient enrichment, and other pollutants. Rates of erosion are influenced by land topography (steepness), soil types and precipitation and different land uses can exacerbate or help mitigate this natural process, with pastures (high producing Grasslands) serving as a major contributor to erosion, as do regularly harvested forests (Exotic Forests) particularly in between harvest and new growth reaching canopy closure and root overlap. Native cover provides better estimates of more natural levels of land-based inputs. The values shown are the proportion of land overlapping the 10 km segment covered by that land-use, for example if the value is 0.5, then 50% of the land in the 10 km segment is covered by that specific land-use, with all land-use values adding to a total of 1 for each polygon. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture land use in inland and adjacent coastal areas. Limitations and Uncertainties:We recognise that 10 km coastal segments are arbitrary boundaries for the NZ coastline, and further, that we extended all values for each polygon out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary to allow better visualisation of how land-based inputs and population accessibility vary in NZ. This extension seaward is arbitrary, and does not incorporate likely decreasing impacts offshore from the coast. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. Land uses are subject to change and major storms can alter processes and input areas. Source: LUCAS NZ Land Use Map 1990 2008 2012 2016 v011 - MfE Data Management | | GIS Map Data | MfE Data ServiceLast updated: 3 Apr 2023
Copyright Text: NIWA, LUCAS NZ, Ministry for the Environment
Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary. Land use information was derived from the Land Use and Carbon Systems (LUCAS) Land Use Map developed by Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research for the Ministry for the Environment. There are 12 land-use classifications: Natural Forest, Planted Forest (Pre 1990), Planted Forest (Post 1989), Grassland (with woody biomass), Grassland (High producing), Grassland (Low producing), Wetland (Vegetated non-forest), Wetland (Open water), Settlements (built-up area), Cropland (Annual), Cropland (Orchards and vineyards, Perennial), and Other. These were grouped into 4 categories: Urban (Settlements), Intensive Agriculture (High producing Grassland, Annual and Perennial Cropland), Exotic forest (Planted Forest, Pre 1990 and Post 1989), and Native (Grassland with woody biomass and Low producing, Vegetated non-forest and Open water Wetlands, and Other). Land-use can provide an indication of land-based influxes of sediment, nutrients, erosion and pollution into coastal waters. For example, coastal areas adjacent to areas categorised as Urban are likely to have high levels of coastal development. Coastal development results in direct habitat loss, changing water, nutrient and sediment flow into estuarine and coastal habitats. Land clearing, urban and intensive agricultural areas contribute to increased sediments, nutrient enrichment, and other pollutants. Rates of erosion are influenced by land topography (steepness), soil types and precipitation and different land uses can exacerbate or help mitigate this natural process, with pastures (high producing Grasslands) serving as a major contributor to erosion, as do regularly harvested forests (Exotic Forests) particularly in between harvest and new growth reaching canopy closure and root overlap. Native cover provides better estimates of more natural levels of land-based inputs. The values shown are the proportion of land overlapping the 10 km segment covered by that land-use, for example if the value is 0.5, then 50% of the land in the 10 km segment is covered by that specific land-use, with all land-use values adding to a total of 1 for each polygon. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture land use in inland and adjacent coastal areas. Limitations and Uncertainties:We recognise that 10 km coastal segments are arbitrary boundaries for the NZ coastline, and further, that we extended all values for each polygon out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary to allow better visualisation of how land-based inputs and population accessibility vary in NZ. This extension seaward is arbitrary, and does not incorporate likely decreasing impacts offshore from the coast. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. Land uses are subject to change and major storms can alter processes and input areas. Source: LUCAS NZ Land Use Map 1990 2008 2012 2016 v011 - MfE Data Management | | GIS Map Data | MfE Data ServiceLast updated: 3 Apr 2023
Copyright Text: NIWA, LUCAS NZ, Ministry for the Environment
Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary. Land use information was derived from the Land Use and Carbon Systems (LUCAS) Land Use Map developed by Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research for the Ministry for the Environment. There are 12 land-use classifications: Natural Forest, Planted Forest (Pre 1990), Planted Forest (Post 1989), Grassland (with woody biomass), Grassland (High producing), Grassland (Low producing), Wetland (Vegetated non-forest), Wetland (Open water), Settlements (built-up area), Cropland (Annual), Cropland (Orchards and vineyards, Perennial), and Other. These were grouped into 4 categories: Urban (Settlements), Intensive Agriculture (High producing Grassland, Annual and Perennial Cropland), Exotic forest (Planted Forest, Pre 1990 and Post 1989), and Native (Grassland with woody biomass and Low producing, Vegetated non-forest and Open water Wetlands, and Other). Land-use can provide an indication of land-based influxes of sediment, nutrients, erosion and pollution into coastal waters. For example, coastal areas adjacent to areas categorised as Urban are likely to have high levels of coastal development. Coastal development results in direct habitat loss, changing water, nutrient and sediment flow into estuarine and coastal habitats. Land clearing, urban and intensive agricultural areas contribute to increased sediments, nutrient enrichment, and other pollutants. Rates of erosion are influenced by land topography (steepness), soil types and precipitation and different land uses can exacerbate or help mitigate this natural process, with pastures (high producing Grasslands) serving as a major contributor to erosion, as do regularly harvested forests (Exotic Forests) particularly in between harvest and new growth reaching canopy closure and root overlap. Native cover provides better estimates of more natural levels of land-based inputs. The values shown are the proportion of land overlapping the 10 km segment covered by that land-use, for example if the value is 0.5, then 50% of the land in the 10 km segment is covered by that specific land-use, with all land-use values adding to a total of 1 for each polygon. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture land use in inland and adjacent coastal areas. Limitations and Uncertainties:We recognise that 10 km coastal segments are arbitrary boundaries for the NZ coastline, and further, that we extended all values for each polygon out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary to allow better visualisation of how land-based inputs and population accessibility vary in NZ. This extension seaward is arbitrary, and does not incorporate likely decreasing impacts offshore from the coast. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. Land uses are subject to change and major storms can alter processes and input areas. Source: LUCAS NZ Land Use Map 1990 2008 2012 2016 v011 - MfE Data Management | | GIS Map Data | MfE Data ServiceLast updated: 3 Apr 2023
Copyright Text: NIWA, LUCAS NZ, Ministry for the Environment
Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea limit. Both public and private protected lands can indicate areas of more natural levels of land-based inputs and include coastal areas important to marine species and connecting marine habitats. Public protected land area data from the Department of Conservation (DOC) including Reserve, Marginal Strip, Conservation Area and National Parks was used to calculate the proportion of area covered in each 10 km segment and. This process was repeated for Queen Elizabeth II private land covenants and then the proportions were added together to get total proportion covered. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture land use in inland and adjacent coastal areas.Limitations and Uncertainties:We recognise that 10 km coastal segments are arbitrary boundaries for the NZ coastline, and further, that we extended all values for each polygon out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary to allow better visualisation of how land-based inputs and population accessibility vary in NZ. This extension seaward is arbitrary, and does not incorporate likely decreasing impacts offshore from the coast. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. Protected areas description: This Protected Area Layer contains land and marine areas, most of which are administered by the Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai (DOC) and are protected by the Conservation, Reserves, National Parks, Marine Mammal and Marine Reserves Acts. All of the areas have been identified spatially. The attributes in this dataset are derived from the National Property and Land Information System (NaPALIS), which is a centralised database for all DOC and LINZ administered land. The boundaries for most protected areas are derived from the Landonline Primary Parcel(s). In some cases, the boundaries may have been based on unsurveyed parcels defined to varying degrees of accuracy. As such please note that the boundaries are indicative only. The dataset includes reserves but it is not a complete set. Privately owned reserves are excluded from the dataset as they are not crown land. Also, the dataset does not contain a complete list of reserves “vested” in Local Authorities or “controlled and managed” by other organisations. The dataset is continually being updated however as errors or omissions are discovered and new land transactions are completed. The Department cannot guarantee the accuracy of the infromation but rather it represents best endeavours to maintain an accurate record of conservation land. A table of Protected Area associations to Primary Parcels is published in the [LDS here](https://data.linz.govt.nz/table/3561-protected-area-parcel-association/).Source: DOC: Protected Areas - Crown Property | | GIS Data Map Mapping | LINZ Data Service ; Last updated: 2 May 2022QEII National Trust: GIS Data | QEII National Trust
Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea limit. Most of New Zealand’s population lives near coastal areas. High population areas are likely to increase levels of pollutants, as well as increased disturbances related to direct human access through development and recreational activities. Human population data from the 2018 Census (Meshblock 2020), which contains data based on electorates varying in size with population density, were used to calculate the total population by the sum of population meshblocks overlapping the 10 km segments. Populations in partially overlapping meshblocks were scaled by the proportion of overlap. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture populations in inland and adjacent coastal areas.Limitations and Uncertainties:We recognise that 10 km coastal segments are arbitrary boundaries for the NZ coastline, and further, that we extended all values for each polygon out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary to allow better visualisation of how land-based inputs and population accessibility vary in NZ. This extension seaward is arbitrary, and does not incorporate likely decreasing impacts offshore from the coast. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. The census only includes people in the country on the night of the census so will capture visitors but not residents in some cases due to travel.Data source: 2018 Census electoral population (Meshblock 2020) - Electorates | | GIS Map Data Datafinder Geospatial Statistics | Stats NZ Geographic Data ServiceLast updated: 10 March 2021
Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea limit. Human access to coastal areas may not directly scale with population in areas with limited coastal access via roadways. This map provides information on which coastal areas are most accessible. To compare human access to coastal segments, the total length of roads in metres that overlap with the 10 km segment was calculated. Road Section Geometry was accessed from Land Information New Zealand (LINZ), updated in 2016. Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture roads in inland and adjacent coastal areas.Limitations and Uncertainties:We recognise that 10 km coastal segments are arbitrary boundaries for the NZ coastline, and further, that we extended all values for each polygon out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary to allow better visualisation of how land-based inputs and population accessibility vary in NZ. This extension seaward is arbitrary, and does not incorporate likely decreasing impacts offshore from the coast. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. Roads may not represent exact locations and do not indicate whether or not access is legal.Source: NZ Roads: Road Section Geometry - Addressing | | GIS Data Map Mapping | LINZ Data ServiceLast updated: 1 July 2023
Copyright Text: Land Information New Zealand, NIWA
Description: A smoothed outline of Aotearoa New Zealand’s coast was used to construct coastal segments of roughly 10 km width (depending on complexity of the coastline), extending out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea limit. Recreational activities and recreational fishing intensity can have significant impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems. Recreational fishing can have similar or greater impacts on fish populations as commercial fishing in some areas. The number of fishing clubs within the 10 km segment was tallied from information provided in a summary of recreational use of the marine environment held by the Department of Conservation (DOC) (Visitor Solutions 2013). Because these segments don’t occur in isolation, a 10 km buffer was used around each coastal segment to capture roads in inland and adjacent coastal areas.Limitations and Uncertainties:We recognise that 10 km coastal segments are arbitrary boundaries for the NZ coastline, and further, that we extended all values for each polygon out to the 12 nm Territorial Sea boundary to allow better visualisation of how land-based inputs and population accessibility vary in NZ. This extension seaward is arbitrary, and does not incorporate likely decreasing impacts offshore from the coast. Segments for Stewart Island were not included and for coastlines with large, narrow inlets, such as in Fiordland, segments do not include the inner fiords as this would increase the segment size, making comparisons between segments less consistent. Fishing club presence does not include an estimate of membership size or scale of fishing activity.Source: https://www.nzsportfishing.co.nz/our-clubs/Department of Conservation 2012. Developing a Geodatabase for mapping recreational use and value indicator data of New Zealand’s coastal/marine environment. By Visitor Solutions Ltd, The New Zealand Tourism Research Institute (AUT University), and Geographic Business Solutions Ltd.
Description: A place for launching or retrieving boats from the water. Data Dictionary for boatramp_cl: https://docs.topo.linz.govt.nz/data-dictionary/tdd-class-boatramp_cl.html This layer is a component of the Topo50 map series. The Topo50 map series provides topographic mapping for the New Zealand mainland, Chatham and New Zealand's offshore islands, at 1:50,000 scale. Further information on Topo50: http://www.linz.govt.nz/topography/topo-maps/topo50NZ Boatramp Centrelines (Topo, 1:50k)
Copyright Text: NIWA, Land Information New Zealand